The boar is a carrier of dangerous infectious diseases of pigs. In this regard, the necessary monitoring of its populations located in areas with developed pig production industries. It is known that these areas, including a large part of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, occupied by so-called “indeterminate” form of a boar, which is a hybrid that occurred from wild boar subspecies and breeds of domesticated pigs.
Academic geneticists and zoologists, this form is not interested and never was interested in, since it is not natural subspecific form. Agricultural experts she also, for obvious reasons, was not interested. Main “heroes” of the appearance of “non-deterministic” boar — hunters, who study the population structure usually did.
Meanwhile, this form constitutes a “highway” for the spread of ASF and other animal health in the territory of Russia. Not knowing the population structure, migration routes and the spatial location of different programmirovat boar, difficult to give any practical advice. Output: the implementation of mass genetic analysis of wild boar from certain points of the range of this species.
At the core of the analyses is the transcript of the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA of individuals and then using special processing methods to obtain the necessary population information.
The Department of monitoring of migration and well-being of wild animals of the fgbi “VGNKI” has already collected several hundred samples from different parts of the area, some of which are already processed and analysed by staff of the Institute. Preliminary findings published in the scientific press. Currently, the staff members continue research in this direction.
Intraspecific systematics of the wild boar and the volume form is still not completely installed. On the territory of the Russian Federation and CIS countries there are five subspecies of wild boar, although the exact limits of some subspecies not determined. Description of the subspecies of wild boar is usually given on materials G. P. Adlerberg, Yu. a. Filipchenko, I. I. Sokolov. Of modern scholars, considerable work was conducted by P. G. Kozlo’s description of the Central European subspecies of wild boar on the materials in the Belovezhskaya Pushcha and the Berezinsky reserve. In the 70-ies of the last century the Institute of Cytology and genetics, USSR Academy of Sciences carried out a number of works on genetic and morphological characterization of wild boars compared to domestic pigs. Based on studies of blood groups were determined not only subspecific differences boar, but a separate population of several subspecies in different alleles. The result of this work was a considerable concentration of alleles at the North wild boar, typical of many breeds of domestic pigs. According to this North Caucasian boars are closer to the Eastern form of the boar. Well boars crossed with domestic pigs when the latter are kept on free range in the grounds. Such content is typical for the southern regions, and, unfortunately, we are unable to determine the duration of coexistence in time. This practice is corrupt because southern population of wild boar was “littered” with the genes of domestic swine. Wild boar differ from domestic pigs, more than a strong Constitution and vitality. Hybrids are the most susceptible to infectious diseases.
Boar, essentially a southern species, and much of its habitat is tropical and warm moderate zone of Asia and Europe. In the cold-temperate zone lies only a small part of the area. In our limits is situated the Northern part, which is characterized by the pulsation of the boundaries of the area and the sharp fluctuations in numbers. In the beginning of the last century, the area the species was minimal
and in many places it is nonexistent. The end of the 40-ies in the European part of Russia began a gradual expansion of the area in two directions: from the South-West and West from Western Europe to the North and East. A positive role is played by the incident natural changes — the restructuring of ecological communities, active cutting of coniferous forests and replacing them with deciduous and mixed forests with an admixture of broad-leaved trees. In agriculture there have been significant changes: the increase in acreage, change in the structure of sown crops (increased grain), etc. has Been a warming of climate (winters have become milder and less snow). All these reasons have contributed to range expansion of wild boar and increase its numbers.
During the works on moving of the boar in the European part of Russia in the 50-80-ies of the last century used animals of the four subspecies — the Central European, Romanian, Russian (North Caucasus), Central Asia and the far East. The bulk of produced animals in hunting farms were animals caught in the North Caucasus (North Caucasian or Romanian subspecies). According to conservative estimates were produced in animals of this subspecies more than three thousand. In the same economy haphazardly produced different wild boar subspecies.
In the 90-ies of the last century and the beginning of this some “special hunting” decided to contribute to the reconstruction of natural communities. To increase the number of wild boar in hunting areas began to breed wild animals with domesticated, explaining their actions by the fact that the hybrids first, less inclined to migrate, and, second, supposedly these female bears two offspring per year. Unfortunately, these Michurinskiy experiments are carried out to the present time. Initially, these hybridization was carried out in cages, and then with subsequent releases metiznyh animals in hunting grounds. Such things are carried out in Moscow, Smolensk and other regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. The work continued for quite a long period. Animals were caught in the Central and southern regions of European Russia and transported to the North (Vologda, Leningrad, etc.) and on the East — to the Urals and further to Siberia. The issues have led to the emergence of hybrid groups of animals, a genetic clogging of the indigenous populations of wild boar and overall weakening of the animal’s immune system, predisposition to various diseases and their offspring.
The present habitat of the wild boar taking into account genetic purity can be divided into several habitats of the subspecies (animals).
The first area is the territory of cohabitation of the Romanian subspecies of the wild boar and domestic pigs on a free range, which contributes to the appearance of hybrids and, consequently, contamination of wild boar populations — the North Caucasus, Rostov, Volgograd, Astrakhan and etc. region.
The second area is probably less contaminated by the genes of domestic swine, — the Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov, Saratov oblast partially.
The third zone is the Central region of the European part of Russia, where there were issues of wild boars, since the 30-ies of the last century, brought from the first area (most from the North Caucasus) and partly from the second. In addition, these areas produced different subspecies of wild boars caught from the Baltic and the Belovezhskaya Pushcha to Primorye. So in the period from 1946 to 1968 in the Moscow region was carried out 55 releases in twenty boar hunting farms total number of animals 1420 (Fig. 1).
The fourth zone — territory, until recently, uninhabited by wild boar. Since the late 70-ies, was organized deliveries of hogs to the subjects, located in the southern Urals, South of Western Siberia and the South of Krasnoyarsk region, the animals were caught in different regions (Fig. 2).
In the early 80-ies the population of this species in the Urals were isolated, and the distribution discrete. In the Kurgan region of animals permanent settlements were formed in 1985. With the aim of improving the productivity of land in the period from 1978 to 1984 in Sverdlovsk region, there have been several editions of wild boar. Unfortunately, the animals released the four subspecies. In subsequent years, there was the resettlement in adjacent areas.
The importation of wild boar in the West Siberian region was carried out from 1980 to 1987 in the South of the Tyumen region, Omsk and Novosibirsk region. Animals were brought from different places of the European part of Russia, Belarus and Central Asia.
On the territory of Omsk and Novosibirsk regions in the late twentieth century took place the Eastern boundary of the continuous habitat of wild boar. In other areas of Western and Eastern Siberia (up to lake. Baikal) boar discretely distributed, occupying the most favorable habitats. East of lake Baikal is the habitat of wild boar is of a continuous nature, extending relatively narrow strip along the state border.
Until recently, the wild boar in the Krasnoyarsk region was never inhabited. From the late NINETEENTH to mid-twentieth century in the South-East region noted separate visits to the area R. Congos from the surrounding areas of Tuva and the Irkutsk region. From 1982 to 1987 was carried out four issues of a boar (over 200 animals), captured in the Moscow region.
Based on the above, currently most of the territory of the European part of Russia, southern Urals, South of Western Siberia and the South of Krasnoyarsk region is a local group of wild boar obtained from different subspecies mixed with domestic pigs, and, of course, of unknown genetic origin.
Such mindless work on the relocation of animals lead to dire consequences. This should be regarded as environmental crimes perpetrated by farm owners and government officials giving permission for such nonsense, and the lack of control by Supervisory authorities. Although, apparently, on the territory of the Russian Federation and there are “pure” populations of the subspecies of wild boar.
In Fig. 2 the approximate distribution of hybrid forms of wild boar in the Asian part of the areal of the Russian Federation.
Approval of the MNR that the depopulation of wild boar in the European territory of the Russian Federation will lead to the loss of biodiversity, unsustainable. In large part, now occupied by wild boar, this type is not inhabited. Artificial introduction of new species in the biocenosis without serious research and environmental forecasts will lead to irreversible phenomena in nature. According to the Convention on the conservation of biodiversity in the country needs to preserve the gene pool of the species in the purity, therefore the hybrid (matinee) boars do not fall under the requirements of the above document. These animals have lower immunity than the wild form, less stable biological parameters, such as the timing of the rut, the duration of pregnancy, the nature of the behavior, lifespan, etc.
Recommendations:
— To introduce the definition of a “hybrid of a wild boar” (cross-breed wild boar with domestic pigs), not including it in the list of hunting species.
— To prohibit the culling of wild boar in the European part of the Russian Federation for the resettlement in new locations.
— Prohibit the holding of crossing wild boar in hunting farms with domestic pigs and the release of land such hybrids.
— Arrange for a reduction in the number of wild boar (population density) in the wetlands to levels that are ecologically relevant to the biotopes.
— Conduct year-round shooting of these animals. For a dramatic downsizing in a short time primarily to seize females of all ages.
— To capture various kinds of traps (fixed, network, etc.) with the subsequent slaughter.
— All hunted animals subjected to wet-examination. Carcasses of healthy animals to use as food.
— For events on downsizing to create a special brigade under the control of regular employees professional and state inspectors.
— Reducing the number of wild boar is impossible to hold in the short term (1-2 years). Such events require a longer period of time, and spend them in two stages.
— In the first stage to reduce the population density of animals (boars) is generally up to 5-6 animals per 1000 hectares of land throughout the European part of Russia.
In a second step, to carry out the reduction of population densities up to 2-3 instances per 1000 hectares all hunting farms and in protected areas.
— To establish administrative liability for the failure of the hunters from the regulation of number of wild boars in their assigned territories, as well as to create the appearance of such events. To carry out this strict control.
Work on reducing the number of wild boar within the administrative borders of the subject, municipalities or other administrative entities will not give the expected result. Such activities should be carried out only within the boundaries of biological populations or groups of lower rank. This requires regular continuous conduct counts of animals in all year round to control throughout.
If the captive maintenance of wild boar on the farm it is necessary to conduct sanitary-preventive measures:
— Building enclosures in new places. The perimeter fence enclosures for keeping wild boar — dual, minimum distance of 5 metres between the fences. In the preparation of new cages to produce the felling of trees along the perimeter fence at a distance of 50 metres, both inside and outside, in order to avoid destroying the fence of fallen trees.
— Disinfection in the same old cages and quarantined for 40 days. To use these territories under colonization of their animals not less than three years.
— Colonization of new enclosures to make animals from genetically pure populations.
— Compliance with sanitary and veterinary requirements.
At present, special attention should be paid to preventive measures and the control over a condition of populations of wild boar on the territory of the subjects, located in the Eastern part, beyond the Volga and Ural regions.
