Human cruelty has no boundaries.
What would happen if a boy half his life to say that he was a girl? As if to torture by electric shock or cause the test to take the head off a live rat?
Before you nine of the most cruel psychological experiments in history.
The education of boys as girls (1965-2004)
As a result of unsuccessful operation of the 8-month-old Bruce Roemer lost his penis. Psychologist John Mani from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore (USA) recommended parents to accept and raise a boy as a girl. So Bruce became Brenda, and John Mani began to watch with interest for what is happening. Everything was relatively successful, until my parents told the boy the girl the truth. Life Bruce was crippled, he tried three times to live to commit suicide. Trying to still get back to a normal life, he changed his name and even married. However, all ended tragically after the divorce with his wife he took his own life. He was 38 years old.
“Source of despair” (1960)
Dr. Harry Harlow practiced, luckily only on monkeys. He took the baby from the mother and for a year kept him alone. After the kid was returned to mom, he had serious mental disabilities. However, the obvious conclusion is that deprivation of maternal affection leads to problems — could make a less cruel way.
Experiment Milgram (1974)
In the experiment involved the experimenter, the experimental and the actor who played the role of another subject. Before the experiment the “teacher” explained that the main purpose of experience is to discover new methods of memorizing information. A simple experiment on memorizing turns into torture: for each wrong answer, subjects the actor received an electric shock. In fact, no shocks were not, but after each error, the voltage was increased by 15 volts. If the teacher refused, the experimenter insisted, explaining how important it is for science. The results were horrible: 65% of “teachers” reached the level of 450 volts. So Milgram managed to prove that man, under the power of the authority, capable of committing the act, it is absolutely incredible for him in everyday life.
Acquired helplessness (1966)
Psychologists mark Seligman and Steve Maier have divided dogs into three groups. With the first nothing happened, the dogs of the second group were shocked, but the shock was to stop pressing the lever, and the third are the most unfortunate. They were also electrocuted, but to avoid it was impossible. After some time cells of the third group opened up but none of the dogs even tried to go out: they saw suffering as something that is already inevitable.
“Horrible experiment” (1939)
Wendell Johnson from the University of Iowa (USA) with his graduate student Mary Tudor in 1939 divided the 22 orphans from Davenport into two groups. One said that their speech is flawless, others that they stutter terribly. In fact all the children were talking normally.
As a result, most of the children of the second group developed a stutter, which remained for life.
Little Albert (1920)
Within two months of 9-month-old albert was shown a white rat manual, cotton wool, mask Santa Claus beard, white rabbit, etc. But then the doctor of psychology John Watson behind the child began to beat the iron hammer on the metal plate each time the boy touched the rat. As a result, the albert became afraid of not only white rats, but also wool, Santa Claus and the white rabbit. A phobia is entrenched in his life.
The Experiments Of Landis (1924)
Karin Landis of the University of Minnesota in 1924, studied the facial expressions of the person. Landis showed his students something that could evoke strong emotions: forced young people to smell ammonia, listen to jazz, watch pornographic films and stick his hands in buckets of frogs and recorded the facial expressions.
Then Landis ordered the students to cut the head off the rat. Most of them agreed. No patterns in facial expressions could not be found, but Landis has rightly concluded that the group under the influence of the authority of man is capable of much.
Research into the effects of drugs on the body (1969)
A group of monkeys taught self-administer various drugs.
Monkeys who had taken cocaine, began to suffer from convulsions and hallucinations — the poor animal tore itself phalanges. Consumed amphetamine was pulled out from itself all wool, and animals that were subjected to the simultaneous action of cocaine and morphine, for two weeks after the start of treatment died.
The Stanford prison experiment (1971)
Psychologist Philip Zimbardo has created a very realistic simulation of a prison in the basement of the psychology Department, and student volunteers (24) were divided into “prisoners” and “guards”.
At first students were confused, but the second day of the experiment put everything in its place: the revolt of the “prisoners” were brutally suppressed “guards”.
Gradually, the control system is so tightened that the “prisoners” are not left alone even in the toilet. When “prisoners” were asked their names, many of them have called your number. “Prisoners” is so accustomed to their roles that they began to feel like prisoners of this prison, and students who got the role of “supervisors” felt real sadistic emotions against the people who a few days ago was good friends.
The experience was scheduled for two weeks, but it stopped early for ethical reasons.
