4 Aug. Day in history
August 14, 1248, work began on the construction of the Cologne Cathedral. Roman Catholic Gothic Cathedral occupies the third place in the list of the tallest churches in the world, behind the Gothic Cathedral and the North-Dame de La Paix. The main temple of the Cologne Archdiocese was conducted in two phases: 1248 in 1437 and from 1842 to 1880. And we also completed the construction of 14 August, that is exactly 632 years. The celebration was attended by Emperor Wilhelm I.
During the Second world war, the Cathedral suffered 14 air strikes without taking serious damage – its reconstruction was completed in 1956. He also built the spiral staircase which takes you up to the observation deck, located at an altitude of 98 meters above the ground
August 14, 1385 the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo with Poland on land consolidation. The Embassy of Poland and Lithuania, met in the Lithuanian castle of Kreva (now in Belarus).
According to the Union of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello married Polish Queen Jadwiga, and was proclaimed king of Poland. In exchange for the Polish crown, Jogaila pledged to adopt Catholicism and to spread the new faith among the pagan Lithuanians. The lands of Grand Duchy of Lithuania was joined to Poland.
The interest of Poland and Lithuania in the political and military Union, was dictated by the needs of many years of joint struggle, that both States were in the 13-14 centuries against the aggression of the German knights of the Teutonic order, once settled in the Baltic States.
For the Polish nobility, the Union meant the opportunity to expand their holdings East of the Western bug and reduce the risk of inclusion of Poland in the increased part of Hungary. Lithuania was able to focus its efforts on the fight against the Tartars and push the boundaries of the state to the East within the Russian lands, subordinated to the Golden Horde.
The Treaty of krevsk Union acted for 184 years. In 1569 Lithuania and Poland signed a new Treaty – the Union of Lublin, which finally United the two States in the federated Kingdom and the Commonwealth.
August 14, 1775, the Manifesto of Catherine II was liquidated Sich. This document actually serves as the official summary of the events that occurred in June of the same year. At the beginning of the first summer month, the troops Lieutenant General Peter Tekeli under cover of night, without a fight took Novoseljanski retrenchment (the main enhancement of the New Sich), demoralized Cossacks the suddenness of the attack and declaring them an ultimatum.
After a long meeting Cossack elders and clergy it was decided to Sitch to pass, so as not to shed the blood of the Orthodox. After this, the Zaporozhian army was disbanded, the Cossacks moved into Turkish territory, founded the Danubian Sich. The reasons for such actions of the Russian authorities considered two main factors: after the victory over Turkey and the conclusion of Kuchuk-Kainarji peace Treaty was no longer an urgent need in the protection of borders, and part of the Zaporozhye Cossacks in the uprising of Pugachev led to the elimination of all Zaporizhzhya Sich. A part of the Cossacks went over the Danube to Turkey, and the other to the Kuban.
August 14, 1790, Russia and Sweden concluded Berelsky the world. This Treaty officially ended the Russo-Swedish war of 1788-1790 years.
14 Aug 1850 Amur expedition under the leadership of Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky raised the Russian flag on the Cape Kuegda. Nikolaev was founded the post (now the town of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur), and Nevel on their own initiative announced the annexation to Russia of the Amur region and Sakhalin.
In view of the importance of these regions for Russia Nevel at your own risk and started their study and development, sending his aides in various areas of the vast region. Participants of the Amur expedition, led by MSU, explored the vast territory of the Amur region, Sakhalin and the Tatar Strait; they gathered the first information about the Ulchi and negidaltsi, small peoples inhabiting the lower reaches of the Amur river. On both sides of the Strait, as in the lower reaches of the river, was raised a Russian flag.
Amur expedition was closed in the summer of 1856, and G. I. Nevelskoy, along with his family left the region, the development of which invested so much effort. The main result of the activities of MSU and his associates – of the crew of the transport “Baikal” and the personnel of the Amur expedition was to secure Russia’s Amur region and Primorye.
The last 20 years, Nevel lived in St. Petersburg, was appointed a member of the Marine Committee, and promoted to Vice Admiral and then Admiral. Nevel and never again set foot on the deck of the ship. 17 APR 1876 Gennady Ivanovich died, and was buried in the cemetery of the resurrection convent in St. Petersburg.
14 Aug 1865 in Saint-Petersburg was founded by one of Russia’s oldest zoos and one of the northernmost zoos in the world. Since its inception, and more than half a century later it was a private menagerie. The founders and the first owners were the Dutch, Gebhard Julius and his wife Sofia. In their collection of tigers, bears, lioness, smaller raptors, parrots and waterfowl. Later the collection was increased to 1161 instance animals, but the main funds for their maintenance came from the restaurant and theater, located on the territory of the zoo. Also in the menagerie were conducted ethnographic exhibitions.
After the Revolution, the zoo was nationalized. During the great Patriotic war, he suffered greatly, but continued to work in the hardest conditions of the siege. In the summer the zoo was open to visitors, the Ministers, many of whom lived in that time, right on site, managed to keep part of the collection. In memory of their heroism, it was decided to leave forever the name Leningrad zoo.
14 Aug 1888 American engineer and inventor Oliver shellenberger patented the first energy meter for alternating current. This was facilitated by the discovery of the inventor, which occurred in parallel with Nikola Tesla. Talking about the effect of rotating fields, thanks to him shellenberger and developed a count of the number of electricity for AC.
However, this count did not take into account the power factor, so it is not suitable for working with motors. Further improvement of this device led to the invention of induction meter, able to measure the power consumption current. The first induction meters, weighing 23 kg, was doing 240 rpm.
Counter shellenberger induction type was developed for the company Westinghous. It was the drum counting mechanism, and coil voltage and current were in opposite sides of the disk, the two permanent magnet was designed to slow the motion of the disk. Counter weight were 18.6 kg.
By 1914, the weight of the meters were able to reduce more than 10 times.
The appearance of the electricity meter is allowed to monetize electricity for consumers, defining the standards of accounting.
14 Aug 1908 in Folkestone (England) held the first international beauty contest.
14 August 1914 the first George cross in the first world war he was awarded a don Cossack from the village the Lower Kalmyks Kozma Kryuchkov.
Exploration group of four Cossacks, which was Kuzma Kryuchkov, safely crossed the border. Little by little, the squad went deep into Prussia. In a small grove Cossacks spent the night. In the morning a few miles from them seemed to patrol the Prussian cavalry 27. The Cossacks dismounted and opened fire. The Prussian cavalry were quickly disposed of. The Cossacks jumped on horses and rushed at the enemy. Kuzma Kryuchkov on his frisky horse was ahead of his comrades and the first crashed into the enemy squad. When the other Cossacks arrived to the moment I saw Kryuchkov, surrounded by Prussians, and waving his sword right and left. Hooks grabbed a rifle and wanted to shoot in the Prussian non-commissioned officer, but he hit Kryuchkov sword in hand, cut his fingers, and the Cossack dropped the rifle. In the next moment, despite the injury, Hooks cut off non-commissioned officer in the neck. Two Prussian lances lashed out at Kryuchkov, trying to dislodge him from the saddle, but Hooks his arms over the enemy’s lances, rushed them to him and dropped both of the Germans from their horses. Then, armed with the Prussian lance, Hooks again rushed into battle.
A few minutes passed and out of 27 of the Prussians, who fought with 4 the don Cossacks still had their horses, and turned in wild flight. The rest were either killed or wounded. The Cossacks sent after running some more bullets. Kuzma Kryuchkov one dumped 11 Germans and he received 16 wounds. Wounded by a bullet. His sword severed the hand. Other injuries peaks. Despite all this, Hooks to the end of the battle remained in the ranks. The commander of the army by Telegraph congratulated the ataman of the don army awarded the first George cross in the army of the Cossack farms of the Lower-Kalmyk, Ust-Medveditsky district, Kuzma Kryuchkov, who killed 11 Germans, and received 16 wounds lance in itself, and 11 in the horse. Hooks was born in a family of old believers. Learned to read and write at home. He is not strong, but very flexible, supple and persistent. Always was first in all games that required dexterity. Father Kryuchkov poor, engaged in agriculture. After marrying Hooks and his wife were the mainstay of the whole family. Among farmers Kruchkova enjoy a well-deserved reputation as Thrifty and religious masters.
For the First world war has received 4 St. George cross and George medal 3. He was mortally wounded in 1919 during the Civil war, fighting on the side of the whites.
On this day in 1919 began Aktobe operation to rout the southern army of the Kolchak forces of the Turkestan front under the command of M. V. Frunze, the white guard government of North-West Russia recognized the independence of Estonia, and was published and entered into force on the Weimar Constitution of Germany.
August 14, 1930 the resolution of the CEC and CPC of the USSR “On universal compulsory primary education”.
August 14 1936 for the first time at the Olympic games represented basketball.
August 14, 1944 was established the Vladimir and Tyumen region.
On 14 August 1945 Emperor Hirohito of Japan issued an edict of unconditional surrender of Japan. In his Declaration, Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings: “on top of this the enemy continuously sheds the blood of innocent people by a cruel weapon – new bomb, and the heavy damage they cause, is truly immeasurable. Thus, the continuation of the war eventually not only lead to the death of our entire nation, but will entail the destruction of all civilization. Therefore, in order to save from death millions of children, we, forgive us the divine spirit of our ancestors, commanded the government of the Empire to accept the terms of the joint Declaration”.
14 August 1947 Pakistan became an independent state. At midnight of 14-15 August 1947 on the world map there were two new independent States created from British India – in fact India and Pakistan, which included an Eastern province, who in 1971 Bangladesh.
The separation occurred along ethnic-religious lines, since Pakistan declared itself a country for allegedly some particular nation – India’s Muslims. Section went “live” and brought hundreds of thousands of casualties, since complicated relations of two neighboring countries in South Asia.
In October 1947, they began their first war over Kashmir, which in September 1965, followed by the second, and in December 1971 – third war, which led to the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh.
The constant struggle between new Delhi and Islamabad has led to the fact that even your birthday, India and Pakistan celebrate separately. Pakistan – August 14 and India on August 15.
14 August 1952, the French economist A. sauvy first used the expression “Third world” to developing countries.
14 August 1958 was established the honorary title “Honored test pilot of the USSR” and “Honored Navigator-tester of the USSR”.
August 14, 1961, by decree of his Holiness Patriarch Alexis I and the Holy Synod hieromonk Alexy, the future Patriarch Alexy II) determined to be the Bishop of Tallinn and Estonia with the request of the temporary administration of the Riga diocese.
14 August 1969 in Northern Ireland introduced by British troops to stop clashes between Protestants and Catholics.
In August 1969 in Derry and Belfast was a mass street clashes between Catholics and Protestants. To prevent further clashes in the British part of Ulster was introduced by British troops.
August 14, 1971, Bahrain proclaimed independence after 110 years of existence as a British colony.
August 14, 1986, the Soviet authorities adopted a resolution on the termination of work on one of the most ambitious projects in the history of the Soviet Union, the so-called “turn of the Siberian rivers”. The idea to use the water of the Northern rivers to improve the climate in Central Asia existed in the late nineteenth century. However, it is in the middle of the twentieth century there were a specific project for the redistribution of the runoff of the Ob, Irtysh and other rivers in the direction of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. On it for almost 20 years had worked for more than 160 organizations in the different republics of the USSR.
In may of 1970, was signed a decree according to which by 1985 was to make a system of channels that allow to transfer 25 cubic kilometers of water per year. However, by this time the government, which became abundantly clear the economic irrationality of the project, listened to the opinion of outraged environmentalists, with the beginning of Perestroika have had the opportunity to speak, and operation was decided to stop.
On this day in 1992, Boris Yeltsin signed a decree, which gave the start of the voucher privatisation in Russia, and the Georgian army enters the territory of Abkhazia. The beginning of the Georgian-Abkhazian war.
